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The origin of violence

Violence is a problem of psychosocial well-altering relations of coexistence and affect the physical and mental wellbeing of people. No country or community is safe from violence. In its World Report on Violence and Health PAHO says that "violence is a ubiquitous scourge rends the social fabric and threatens the life, health and happiness of us all. " The violence here is defined as "the intentional use of physical force or power, whether in degree of threat or actual, against oneself, another person or group or community, that causes or has a high likelihood of injury , death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation "(PAHO, 2002).

Regarding the violence, it is valid to consider the following: Why do we act aggressively humans? What makes us turn against each other, with unparalleled brutality even in the most ferocious predators? Scientists and scholars from various fields have pondered this question for centuries and have proposed different explanations for the paradox of human violence (Baron and Byrne, 1998). Violence has always existed, violence to survive and violence to control the power and violence to rebel against domination, physical and psychological violence.

In the Middle Ages and up to s. XVI, ie, from St. Augustine to John Calvin, it was argued that the Creator was not responsible of the existence of evil, but man. It is in the XVI and XVIII where Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau respectively, cemented the foundation for the two major trends that explain the genesis of violence human. Hobbes believed that men were aggressive, selfish and greedy by nature. The sinister conclusion Hobbes, homo homini lupus (man is a wolf to man), was quoted by leading researchers of man: Niccolo Machiavelli (centuries before Hobbes), Nietzsche, Darwin, Freudian psychoanalysis and ethology School formed by Konrad Lorenz, as Hobbes argued that violence is inherent to mankind and that aggression is innate. In contrast, Rousseau theorized that man was naturally good, that society corrupted this goodness and, therefore, the person was not born evil but did perverse. Were the parents of Scientific Socialism, The psychologist Albert Bandura in his social learning theory and the anthropologist Ashley Montagu for whom the aggressiveness of men is not a reaction but an answer, who agreed with eighteenth-century French philosopher. They argue that culture establishes aggressive patterns and learn aggression by observing how others act, the life we \u200b\u200bare exposed to models of aggression in all areas of life (Hergenhahn, 2001). Bandura, social learning psychologist says: "People are not born with aggressive behavior repertoires prefabricated, they should be taught in one form or another" (Bandura, 1975).

Even with all this, the discussion of innate or acquired character of human violence, being the subject of controversy, it takes too much time and effort to reach an endpoint. References

Bandura, A. (1975). Social learning analysis of aggression. In Bandura, A. and Ribes, E. Behavior modification, analysis of aggression and delinquency (pp. 307-347). Mexico City: Trillas. R. BARON

and Byrne, D. (1998). Social psychology. (8ava. Ed.) New York: Prentice Hall.

HERGENHAHN, BR (2001). Introduction to the History of psychology. Madrid: Auditorium.

PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2002). World report on violence and health: summary. Washington, DC: PAHO

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Illustrated Pessimism why?

Umberto Eco in his book "A crab step" includes a series of articles, reflections and disappointments written in a fateful period and will be of great remembrance: the the first six years of the second millennium. The work allows us to navigate through several issues described and explained with clarity of Eco War, peace, a return to old ways of medieval and early twilight of the millennium.
In one Articles Eco speaks of the imprint left on the life and work of Norberto Bobbio, Italian philosopher and thinker. Eco says following a few quotes and phrases he heard of the philosopher: "These few quotes are enough for me, a young reader at the time, became the quintessence of my personal ideas on the notion of engagement ... "We can not doubt that
Umberto Eco is a prominent figure and member of pro viso and society. Congratulations on your main influences came from thinkers such as Norberto Bobbio. At the end of the article Eco lets talk Bobbio and endorses his words entirely:

"I am a pessimist illustrated. I am, so to speak, an illustrator who has learned the lesson of Hobbes, De Maistre, Machiavelli and Marx. I think also that the pessimistic approach is more appropriate for the man illustrated the optimistic view. The optimist always involves a certain dose of enthusiasm, and enlightened man should not be enthusiastic. And there are also optimists who believe that history is indeed a drama but a drama with a happy ending. I only know that history is a drama, but do not know, because I can not know, a drama with a happy ending. Optimists are the others, who like Gabriel Peri, who, dying gloriously he wrote: 'soon will prepare the mornings sing. " The mornings have arrived, but the songs we have not heard. And when I look around me I hear no songs but roaring.
would not want this statement of pessimism to be understood as a gesture of resignation. It is a healthy act of austerity after so many orgies of optimism, a prudent refusal to participate in the feast of rhetoric forever holidays. It is an act of satiety rather than disgust. And besides, pessimism does not bridle the industry, but the routes and better directed to its target. Between the optimist whose maxim is: 'Do not do anything, you'll see how everything works out' and the pessimist replies, 'Do what you have to do, but things go from bad to worse ', I prefer the second, [...] do not say that the optimists will always be fools, but fools are always optimistic. I can not separate in my mind the blind trust in the providence historical or theological vanity who believes he is the center of the world and that everything happens for his suggestion. Respect and appreciation, however, that works well without asking for assurances that the world will improve and no waiting, no awards or even say confirmations. Only the great pessimist is able to act with a clear mind, with the determined, with a sense of humility and complete dedication to duty. "

From that moment Eco autodenominaría, like Bobbio, "Pessimistic Illustrated."

for any reason will not try to proclaim the same way as those illustrious personalities. Go stupidity. But I ascribe to this line of action, than the pessimism Illustrated. But were otherwise not have as guides to EM Cioran, F. Nietzsche, K Lorenz, BF Skinner and Marco Aurelio Denegri.